Donald Trump’s first term as president of the United States (2017–21) posed significant challenges for both Iran and Iraq, bringing economic strain, political pressure, and security issues that affected both nations. His policies widened the gap between Iran and various Arab states—nations that Iraq had continuously sought to bring together to foster peace and regional cooperation. Ahead of Trump’s return to the White House, one pressing question now is: what will his second term mean for Iran, Iraq, and Arab-Iranian engagement?

Turning to “maximum pressure”

Trump’s “maximum pressure” campaign aimed not only to curb Iran’s nuclear program but also to limit its regional influence. The announcement of the policy followed the US unilateral withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of...